Leonurine

ID: leonurine

Aliases: SCM-198

Type: compound

Route/form: oral or route depends on studied product

Status: research

Evidence level: preclinical

Best data tier: non-human experimental

Support scope: non-human/mechanistic, review/regulatory

Source types: preclinical, review

Linked sources: 3

Broad outcomes: Cardiovascular / lipids / blood pressure

Reading note: These are curation notes anchored to linked sources, not a clinical recommendation or protocol.

Targets / mechanism

• ABCA1/G1 upregulation
• PPARgamma/LXRalpha pathway
• cholesterol efflux

Optimization domains

• cardiovascular health
• atherosclerosis
• lipids
• natural product

Research basis

• Cell and apoE knockout mouse work reports cholesterol-efflux and anti-atherogenesis effects via ABCA1/G1 and PPARgamma/LXRalpha signaling.
• Useful natural-product cardiovascular node distinct from statin-like lipid lowering.

Limits, risks, and missing evidence

• Preclinical atherosclerosis data do not establish human cardiovascular benefit.
• Targeting nuclear-receptor lipid pathways can have broad metabolic effects.

Risk flags

• preclinical only
• limited human data
• nuclear receptor pathway
• translational gap

Linked papers, labels, and reviews

1. Leonurine prevents atherosclerosis via ABCA1 and ABCG1 upregulation
   preclinical / pubmed_leonurine_abca1_2017
   THP-1 foam cell and apoE knockout mouse atherogenesis source.
2. Leonurine, a potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases
   review / pubmed_leonurine_review_2020
   Review of leonurine cardiovascular and CNS mechanisms, bioavailability limitations, and translational gaps.
3. Leonurine Attenuates Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction and Inflammation
   preclinical / pubmed_leonurine_vascular_dysfunction_2022
   Obesity-related vascular dysfunction model; supports inflammation/endothelial context adjacent to atherosclerosis claims.