Paeonol

ID: paeonol

Aliases: 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone

Type: compound

Route/form: route not curated

Status: research_or_supplement

Evidence level: mechanistic

Best data tier: mechanistic/chemistry

Support scope: non-human/mechanistic, review/regulatory

Source types: mechanistic, preclinical, review

Linked sources: 3

Broad outcomes: Cardiovascular / lipids / blood pressure, Gut / immune / inflammation, Hormones / fertility / sexual health, Longevity / mitochondrial / redox

Reading note: These are curation notes anchored to linked sources, not a clinical recommendation or protocol.

Targets / mechanism

• HMGB1 modulation
• anti-inflammatory signaling
• endothelial function hypotheses

Optimization domains

• cardiovascular health
• erectile quality
• anti aging
• inflammation

Research basis

• A direct diabetic-rat erectile-dysfunction paper links paeonol to improved erectile-function markers through HMGB1/RAGE/NF-kB inhibition and NO/cGMP-related readouts.
• Separate cardiovascular and HMGB1/inflammatory literature supports the broader vascular anti-inflammatory rationale.
• It belongs as a vascular/inflammation natural-product ED lead, not as a human-proven PDE5 alternative.

Limits, risks, and missing evidence

• The ED evidence is preclinical diabetic-rat work, not a human erectile-function trial.
• Mechanistic vascular and anti-inflammatory evidence should not be treated as human anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis, or libido proof.
• Bioavailability, formulation, botanical source, dose translation, and interaction risk remain unresolved.

Risk flags

• preclinical only for ed claim
• limited human data
• standardization uncertainty
• dose translation uncertain

Linked papers, labels, and reviews

1. Paeonol for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pharmacological and mechanistic overview
   review / pubmed_paeonol_atherosclerosis_review_2021
   Cardiovascular mechanism review including anti-inflammatory and lipid/vascular targets.
2. Paeonol attenuates inflammation by targeting HMGB1
   mechanistic / pmc_paeonol_hmgb1_2019
   HMGB1/miR-339-5p inflammatory signaling source.
3. Paeonol ameliorates diabetic erectile dysfunction by inhibiting HMGB1/RAGE/NF-kB pathway
   preclinical / pubmed_paeonol_diabetic_ed_2023
   Direct diabetic-rat erectile-dysfunction source linking paeonol to HMGB1/RAGE/NF-kB, cGMP/NO, and corpus-cavernosum markers.